Jurisprudential literature up to 5th century is categorized into four groups one of which has been called "motalaqqat" by late Ayatollah Boroojerdi. In his and some other contemporary jurisprudents’ viewpoint, earlier jurisprudents’ opinions in Principles of motalaqqat may have a few scientific consequences; such as consensus or fame in Principles of motalaqqatunder a few conditions may help discover infallibles’ (' a) opinion; jurisprudents’ famous opinion in Principles of motalaqqat may compensate the weakness in the document of traditions as their aversion from an authentic tradition weakens it. There are at least six opinions to define and interpret Principles of motalaqqat. This number of opinions indicates that there is ambiguity in the theory of "Principles of motalaqqat". This article have offered a detailed explanation of eight important characteristics for Principles of motalaqqat some of which indicate the great influence their authors’ thought andijtihad have had in these works. This very fact becomes a barrier impeding those fatwas to help discover infallibles’ (‘a) words, therefore discovering infallibles’ (‘a) words from consensus or fame in Principles of motalqqat which is Ayatollah Boroojerdi’s theory and those jurisprudents who share the same opinion is very difficult or even impossible.

The incipient directive concepts that human being obliged to submission it, configured in the form of "Ethics". Although, conscionable assurance of thought and act is not effective always; but it can be a prelude, justification or measure for legal rules. Again, the actualization of ethics in the context of humorless problems of human being, namely rights and duties, has required definition of universal and acceptable measures and Principles for bioethics. For prosperity and practicability, these Principles shall be draft in light of harmonies of nations and have consideration to propensity and international impetus to protecting environment as whole. As an important fact, just having legal sanctions will fulfill "pragmatic ethics".

The procedure of protest and appeal is basically a way to ascertain the validity and accuracy of the awards issued by courts. Substantive proceedings either of the first instance or the appeal stage of trials to some extent affirms the accuracy of the judgments and gives effectiveness to them. There is a further exceptional way of revision called retrial which can be applied against final judgments following the request of the losing party. Exceptional and exclusive causations are required to apply for retrial. These causations in both civil and criminal cases are of such importance that, if they are proved, the final judgment will lose its effectiveness and will be reversed.In this article, we introduce and analyse the Principles governing retrial in both Iranian and comparative law.

Tabari’s exegesis is one of the important exegeses of the Quran and Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir Tabari is one of the great Muslim exegetists. Though tabari never spoke explicitly about his interpretative Principles but through delving into his interpretations and the way of dealing with the Quranic verses and the views of other exegetists we can find out his Principles. Thus in our discussion we will refer to the following as tabari’s Principles in his Jami’al-bayan: outward being of the verses, method, the judgment of reason, authentic narration consensus of the people of tawil or the view of their majority, ordinary expressive style or Arab, principality of generalization, culture of the age of nuzul and analogy.

Aim & Background: Considering the developments in the battlefields during the last four decades and the effect of meeting method of the warriors need on the battle’ s destiny at the tactical, operational and strategic levels on the one hand and emphasizing different battle methods including homogeneous, heterogeneous, equal, unequal, regular and irregular, classical and non-classical on the success of the battle, nimble and agile logistics on the other hand; The purpose of this paper is an exploratory study of resources in order to enumerate the Principles affecting logistics agility which accelerates fulfillment of targets and decrease the battle casualties. Methodology: This research is mixed exploratory with two qualitative (interview) and qualitative (questionnaire) approaches in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. By reviewing and criticizing the sources and relying on the views of experts, model of Principles affecting logistics agility with 13 factors has been developed; and was judged by 92 experts and scholars overlooking the subject. Findings and conclusion: For this writing 3 result levels is derived; firstly in this writing and other related writings, suggested logistics efficiency and agility affected by its following of logistics. Secondly in data qualitative level regarding that the average of thirteen Principles on logistics agility is higher than the average of 3; Principles have high impact on logistics. Based on numbers The highest average is related to readiness with a rank of 9. 13 and the lowest average is related to national resources with a rank of 5. 20. Also, considering that in T-test, the mean of the indices is 3. 93 and the significance level (sig=0. 000) is less than the research’ s alpha (a=0. 05) the research’ s hypothesis is confirmed; and thirdly by constitution of indices the five capacities in the battlefield is achieved which it is indicated in the conclusion.

Currently various issues including globalization, ICT, cultural diversity, and the like have affected the curriculum. The present paper aimed to articulate ICT Based curriculum Principles on the basis of various documents including, "Comparative studies on development of ICT in the world", "The first draft of philosophy of education in the Islamic Republic of Iran", and "Report on characteristics of the ideal human being in the Islamic Republic of Iran with a 20-year horizon". In comparative studies, both theoretical and practical issues associated with ICT development in four countries were examined and integrated in order to elicit Principles of curriculum development using deductive methods.